Impak Digitalisasi Terhadap Kesahihan Akad Tawarruq di Perbankan Islam [The Impact of Digitalization on The Validity of Tawarruq Contracts in Islamic Banking]
Keywords:
tawarruq, digitalization, blockchain, qabd, islamic bankingAbstract
Tawarruq merupakan salah satu kontrak yang digunapakai secara meluas oleh kebanyakan perbankan Islam di Malaysia. Penggunaan tawarruq bagi menjalankan perkhidmatan kepada pelanggan ditambah baik dengan adanya teknologi digital yang semakin canggih. Dalam kontrak tawarruq, digitalisasi membolehkan pelaksanaan yang lebih pantas dan telus, serta mengurangkan kos operasi. Kini, tawarruq semakin berkembang sehingga pengamalannya melalui blok rantai (blockchain). Perkembangan ke arah mendigitalisasikan tawarruq di perbankan Islam menimbulkan isu syariah yang harus diteliti bagi memastikan pematuhan syariah. Digitalisasi terhadap akad tawarruq di perbankan Islam ini turut memberi impak kepada pihak-pihak yang berkontrak. Objektif kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perlaksanaan kontrak tawarruq melalui teknologi semasa bermula daripada pengamalan tradisional sehingga pengamalan tawarruq melalui blok rantai. Selain itu, kajian ini dilakukan bagi menganalisis isu syariah dalam pembentukan akad tawarruq di perbankan Islam melalui penggunaan transaksi digital. Ketiga, mengkaji impak digitalisasi terhadap kesahihan akad tawarruq di perbankan Islam. Kajian ini berbentuk kualitatif dengan melakukan pengumpulan data melalui metode analisis dokumen sebagai sumber utama. Metode analisis data adalah analisis secara deskriptif. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa perbankan Islam pada zaman kini telah menggabungkan kontrak pintar berasaskan blok rantai dalam kontrak tawarruq. Isu syariah berkaitan pemilikan (qabd) dalam transaksi ‘nano-second’ dalam tawarruq tidak menjejaskan kesahihan akad tersebut. Digitalisasi memberikan impak yang positif kepada rukun-rukun dalam akad tawarruq ini dalam menjaga kesahihannya namun pengawasan yang ketat perlu diberikan agar transaksinya sentiasa mematuhi syariah. Implikasi kajian ialah memastikan kesedaran dan kefahaman masyarakat terhadap kesahihan akad semakin tinggi bagi mencapai pematuhan syariah.
Tawarruq is one of the contracts widely used by most Islamic banks in Malaysia. The use of tawarruq to provide services to customers has been improved with increasingly sophisticated digital technology. In tawarruq contracts, digitalization enables faster and more transparent implementation, as well as reduces operational costs. Now, tawarruq is increasingly evolving to the point of being practiced through blockchain. The trend towards digitalizing tawarruq in Islamic banking raises Shariah issues that need to be examined to ensure Shariah compliance. The digitalization of tawarruq contracts in Islamic banking also impacts the contracting parties. The objective of this study is to examine the implementation of tawarruq contracts through current technology, starting from traditional practices to the practice of tawarruq through blockchain. Additionally, this study is conducted to analyze Shariah issues in the formation of tawarruq contracts in Islamic banking with digital transactions. Thirdly, it aims to examine the impact of digitalization on the validity of tawarruq contracts in Islamic banking. This study is qualitative in nature, collecting data through document analysis method as the primary source. The data analysis method is descriptive analysis. The study finds that Islamic banking today has incorporated blockchain-based smart contracts in tawarruq contracts. Shariah issues related to ownership (qabd) in nano-second transactions in tawarruq do not affect the validity of the contract. Digitalization has a positive impact on the pillars of this tawarruq contract in maintaining its validity, but strict supervision is necessary to ensure that transactions always comply with Shariah. The implication of the study is to ensure that public awareness and understanding of the validity of contracts are increasingly high to achieve Shariah compliance.