Interpretasi Konsep Riba al-Fahishah dalam Era Perbankan Moden: Tinjauan Pandangan Ulama Tafsir Klasik dan Moden [The Interpretation of The Concept of Riba al-Fahishah in The Modern Banking Era: A Review of Classical and Modern Quranic Exegetes' Perspecti

Abstract

Kajian ini meneliti evolusi konsep riba al-fahishah dalam tafsir al-Quran, membandingkan perspektif ulama klasik dan kontemporari. Objektif utama adalah untuk menganalisis interpretasi ayat-ayat berkaitan riba, khususnya frasa “ad'afan muda'afah” dalam surah Ali-?Imran ayat 130, dan implikasinya terhadap pemahaman riba dalam konteks perbankan moden. Metodologi kajian melibatkan analisis teks kualitatif terhadap karya-karya tafsir terpilih, termasuk “Jami? al-Bayan” oleh al-Tabari, “Tafsir al-Qur?an al-?Azim” oleh Ibnu Kathir, “Al-Muharrar al-Wajiz” oleh Ibnu ‘Atiyah, “Ahkam al-Qur?an” oleh al-Jassas, Tafsir al-Maraghi, dan “Al-Tahrir wa al-Tanwir" oleh Ibnu ‘Ash?r. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa walaupun terdapat konsensus tentang pengharaman riba, terdapat perbezaan signifikan dalam interpretasi skop dan aplikasi konsep ini. Ulama klasik al-Tabari dan Ibnu Kathir khususnya menekankan aspek sejarah dan konteks wahyu, Ibnu ‘Atiyah dan al-Jassas memberi tumpuan kepada implikasi hukum. Manakala ulama kontemporari mengintegrasikan analisis mereka dengan isu-isu perbankan semasa. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa interpretasi frasa “ad'afan muda'afah” telah berkembang dari penjelasan deskriptif kepada perbincangan normatif tentang etika kewangan, dan mereka secara kolektif cenderung untuk mengkategorikan sebarang penambahan dalam pinjaman, termasuk mekanisme faedah bank kontemporari, sebagai riba yang diharamkan.

This study examines the evolution of the concept of riba al-fahishah in Quranic exegesis, comparing the perspectives of classical and contemporary scholars. The main objective is to analyze the interpretation of verses related to riba, particularly the phrase “ad'afan muda'afah” in surah Ali-?Imr?n verse 130, and its implications for understanding riba in the context of modern banking. The research methodology involves qualitative textual analysis of selected exegetical works, including “Jami? al-Bayan” by al-Tabari, “Tafsir al-Qur?an al-?Azim” by Ibnu Kathir, “Al-Muharrar al-Wajiz” by Ibnu ^cAtiyah, “Ahkam al-Qur?an” by al-Jassas, Tafsir al-Maraghi, and “Al-Tahrir wa al-Tanwir” by Ibnu ^cAshur. The findings reveal that while there is consensus on the prohibition of riba, significant differences exist in the interpretation of the scope and application of this concept. Classical scholars such as al-Tabari and Ibn Kath?r particularly emphasize the historical aspects and context of revelation, while Ibn ^cAtiyah and al-Jassas focus on legal implications. Contemporary scholars, on the other hand, integrate their analysis with current banking issues. This study finds that the interpretation of the phrase “ad'afan muda'afah” has evolved from descriptive explanations to normative discussions on financial ethics, and collectively they tend to categorize any increase in loans, including contemporary bank interest mechanisms, as prohibited riba.