Kewujudan al-Kulliyyat di Sisi Ibnu Taimiyyah dan Kesannya Terhadap Teologi Falsafahnya: Kajian Terhadap Isbat Sifat Allah
[The Ontological Status of Universals According to Ibn Taymiyya and Its Influence on His Theological Philosophy: A Study On His Method in Affirming The Divine Attributes]
Keywords:
Universals, Ontologi, Metafizik, Epistemologi, Teologi. Universals, Ontology, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Theology.Abstract
Ibnu Taimiyyah telah memberikan perhatian penuh berkenaan isu al-kulliya?t ini dalam perdebatan teologi beliau dan menganggap isu tersebut antara asas penyimpangan dalam persoalan sifat-sifat Alla?h di sisi Ahli Kala?m dan Falsafah. Dalam kajian ini, menjadi objektif para pengkaji meneliti sejauh mana status ontologi al-kulliya?t di sisi Ibn Taimiyyah mempengaruhi metodologi beliau dalam mengisbatkan sifat-sifat Alla?h S.W.T. Metode Kualitatif berasaskan analisis teks-teks Ibnu Taimiyyah menerusi karya beliau yang utama seperti: Dar’u al-Ta‘arud? bayna al-‘Aqli wa al-Naqli dan Baya?n Talbi?s Al-Jahmiyyah, di mana beliau mengkritik Ahl Falsafah Islam dan Ahli Kala?m Sunni telah digunakan dalam melaksanakan kajian ini. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan Ibnu Taimiyyah menolak teori Realisme, namun tidak juga mengambil pendekatan Nominalisme dalam masalah ini, sebaliknya beliau menegaskan al-kulliy?t hanyalah hasil abstraksi ‘aqal (wuj?d zihni?), sedangkan wuj?d realiti hanyalah kewujudan konkrit di luar ‘aqal yang boleh dicapai pancaindera, maka sifat-sifat Alla?h yang terdapat persamaan nama dengan sifat-sifat makhluk tidak membawa implikasi antropomorfisme kerana setiap sifat itu adalah khusus bagi zat, tidak ada sebarang perkongsian pada ciri-ciri khusus antara dua benda yang mempunyai penamaan sifat yang sama, hanya berlaku perkongsian pemahaman makna asas sahaja yang membolehkan sesuatu pernyataan difahami pada ‘aqal. Hasil kajian ini diharap menyumbang lagi kepada pencerahan berkenaan pemikiran Ibnu Taimiyyah dan membetulkan beberapa tanggapan salah terhadap manhaj beliau dalam ‘aqi?dah dan seterusnya membina perbincangan yang lebih harmoni antara aliran-aliran teologi dalam kalangan Umat.
In his theological dispute, Ibn Taymiyya paid great attention to Universals and considered it the root of deviations regarding Alla?h’s attributes on the side of the Kala?m Theologians and the Philosophers. The researchers' goal in this study is to examine the extent to which the ontological status of universals influenced Ibn Taymiyya's methodology in affirming the Divine Attributes. Qualitative Method based on the analysis of Ibn Taymiya's texts such as Dar’u al-Ta‘arud? bayna al-‘Aqli wa al-Naqli and Baya?n Talbi?s al-Jahmiyya has been applied in conducting the research. The findings showed that Ibn Taymiyya was not a Realist nor a Nominalist, instead, he stressed that universals are only the result of mind abstraction (Al-Wuj?d Al-Dhihni?), whereas real existence must be extramental, which can be perceived by the senses, hence the All?h’s attributes which there is a similarity of the name with the attributes of the creature do not carry the implications of anthropomorphism because each of the attributes is specific to the substance, there is no sharing on the specific characteristics between two objects that have the same attributes name, only the sharing of basic meaning understanding to allow a statement to be understood. The results of this study are expected to contribute further to the enlightenment of Ibn Taymiyya's thoughts and correct some misconceptions of his methodologies and thus build a more harmonious discussion between theological trends among Muslims.