Kedudukan Baitulmal Sebagai Waris Asabah Menurut Syariat Islam dan Amalan di Negeri Terengganu [Bayt al-Mal's Position as Asabah's Heir according to Islamic Laws and Practices in Terengganu]

Abstract

Baitulmal memainkan peranan yang sangat besar dalam memelihara dan menguruskan harta awam milik umat Islam. Dananya datang daripada pelbagai sumber, antaranya melalui perwarisan harta pusaka secara asabah bagi kes kematian yang tidak mempunyai waris asabah. Sebagai timbal balas ia memainkan peranan seumpama waris asabah dalam menanggung ‘diyyah’ pembunuhan orang Islam dan melunas hutang mutlak si mati yang tidak mampu menjelaskan kembali hutang tersebut dengan harta peninggalannya. Peranan ini semakin terpinggir setelah berakhirnya era khulafa’ ar-Rasyidin. Justeru itu, ulama terkemudian mazhab Syafi’i seperti al-Imam al-Nawawi telah mengambil pendirian untuk menggugurkan kedudukan baitulmal sebagai pewaris asabah. Secara umumnya, negeri-negeri di Malaysia termasuk negeri Terengganu masih berpegang dengan pendapat asal mazhab Syafi’i yang memberikan bahagian lebihan selepas diambil waris kadar kepada baitulmal. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk melihat konsep baitulmal di Terengganu sebagai penerima harta pusaka orang Islam yang tidak meninggalkan waris asabah dan amalan pengurusan harta amanah ini bagi kepentingan umat Islam. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kajian kualitatif yang dilaksanakan melalui proses semakan dokumen, dan temubual dengan kakitangan Majlis Agama Islam dan Adat Melayu Terengganu (MAIDAM). Data-data yang diperolehi dianalisis secara kritis menggunakan kaedah induktif, deduktif, komparatif dan konseptual. Hasil kajian merumuskan hak baitulmal sebagai waris asabah tidak dinafikan statusnya oleh syarak. Walau bagaimanapun dari sudut peruntukan undang-undang, peranan dan pelaksanaan hak perwarisan ini ke atas umat Islam masih terdapat kelemahan yang boleh diperbaiki, apatah lagi sumber yang diperolehi melalui kedudukannya sebagai waris asabah adalah lumayan dan mampu menjana ekonomi umat Islam.   

Bayt al-mal plays a huge role in preserving and managing public property belonging to Muslims. The funds come from various sources, among them is through the bequeathing of inheritance as asabah for cases of death that do not have asabah as heirs. In return, It plays the role of an asabah Kin bearing the 'diyyah' of killing Muslims and repaying the absolute debt of the deceased who are unable to repay the debt with his estate. This role became increasingly marginalized after the end of the Khulafa’ ar-Rashidin era. Therefore, later scholars of the Shafi'i school such as al-Imam al-Nawawi have taken a stand to drop the position of Bayt al-mal as the inheritor of asabah. However, some states in Malaysia including Terengganu still adhere to the original opinion of the Shafi'i school which gives the surplus share after taking the inheritance rate to Bayt al-mal. This study aims to look at the concept of Bayt al-mal in Terengganu as the recipient of the inheritance of Muslims who do not have asabah heirs and the practice of managing this trust property for the benefit of Muslims. This study uses a qualitative research method which is carried out through document analysis and interviews with the staff of the Terengganu Islamic Religious Council and Malay Customs (MAIDAM). The data obtained are analyzed critically using inductive, deductive, comparative, and conceptual methods. The results of the study concluded that Bayt al-mal’s status as an asabah is not denied by the shari’a. However, based on the provisions of the law, there are still weaknesses that can be improved in  the role and implementation of this inheritance right on Muslims, not to mention the resources obtained through their position as heirs of asabah are lucrative and capable of generating the economy of Muslims.