BITARA International Journal of Civilizational Studies and Human Sciences (e-ISSN: 2600-9080)

Pendekatan Ilmiah Ibn Sina dalam Psikologi dan Sumbangannya kepada Psikoterapi Islam [Ibn Sina’s Scientific Approach to Psychology and its Contribution to Islamic Psychotherapy]

Emie Sylviana Mohd Zahid — Sat, 20 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Artikel ini membincangkan pendekatan ilmiah Ibn Sina dalam memahami jiwa manusia dan sumbangannya terhadap perkembangan psikoterapi Islam. Ibn Sina atau Avicenna bukan sahaja dikenali sebagai tokoh perubatan dan falsafah, malah turut diiktiraf sebagai pelopor awal dalam bidang psikologi Islam melalui karya agungnya seperti al-Qanun fi al-Tibb dan Kitab al-Nafs min al-Shifa’. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif berbentuk kajian kepustakaan dengan menganalisis karya asli Ibn Sina serta penulisan sarjana kontemporari. Hasil analisis mendapati bahawa konsep nafs (jiwa), aql (akal) dan ruh (roh) yang diketengahkan oleh Ibn Sina membentuk kerangka asas bagi pembangunan psikoterapi Islam yang holistik. Pendekatan beliau yang menggabungkan aspek fizikal, mental dan spiritual adalah relevan untuk diaplikasikan dalam rawatan kesihatan mental umat Islam pada era moden.

This article discusses Ibn Sina's scholarly approach to understanding the human soul and his contributions to the development of Islamic psychotherapy. Ibn Sina, or Avicenna, is not only renowned as a prominent figure in medicine and philosophy but is also recognized as an early pioneer in the field of Islamic psychology through his seminal works such as al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine) and Kitab al-Nafs min al-Shifa’ (The Book of the Soul from The Book of Healing). This study employs a qualitative method in the form of a literature review, analyzing Ibn Sina's original works as well as contemporary scholarly writings. The analysis finds that the concepts of nafs (soul), aql (intellect), and ruh (spirit) emphasized by Ibn Sina form the foundational framework for the development of holistic Islamic psychotherapy. His approach, which integrates physical, mental, and spiritual aspects, remains relevant for application in mental health treatment for Muslims in the modern era.

Keperluan Bahan Sastera dalam Sukatan Bahasa Arab Sebagai Bahasa Asing [The Need For Literary Materials In The Arabic Language Curriculum For Teaching Arabic As A Foreign Language]

Rosni Samah, Aishah Isahak, Najwa Rosni — Sat, 20 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pembelajaran bahasa Arab di Malaysia lebih menumpukan sudut komunikasi yang berfokus kepada situasi. Sukatan dan buku teksnya dirombak bagi memenuhi keperluan tersebut. Terdapat kajian lepas yang membincangkan tentang kelemahan pelajar menguasai bahasa Arab walaupun mereka sudah belajar beberapa lama. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pandangan guru-guru sastera Arab terhadap kepentingan bahan sastera dalam pembelajaran bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa asing. Kajian ini memfokuskan bahan sastera yang menjadi tarikan minat dalam pembelajaran bahasa, membekalkan templat bahasa, kosa kata baharu, templat kaedah linguistik, dan membekalkan budaya dan dialek Arab. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk kajian kualitatif analisis kandungan dan temu bual berstruktur sebagai instrumen. Bagi mendapatkan data, disediakan soalan mengikut bidang terlebih dahulu. Seramai lima orang tenaga pengajar bagi kursus sastera dipilih sebagai peserta kajian. Tiga peserta terdiri daripada pensyarah universiti yang memiliki PhD dan dua orang peserta daripada guru sekolah. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa bahan sastera dapat memenuhi keperluan yang digariskan dalam objektif kajian. Ia perlu digunakan dalam pembelajaran bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa asing. Sukatan dan buku teks pembelajaran bahasa Arab hari ini perlu dilihat semula oleh badan-badan yang berkepentingan.

Arabic language learning in Malaysia has predominantly focused on communicative aspects, emphasizing situational contexts. Accordingly, the curriculum and textbooks have been revised to meet these needs. Previous studies have highlighted students’ persistent weaknesses in mastering Arabic despite having studied it for an extended period. This study aims to examine the perspectives of Arabic literature teachers regarding the role of literary materials in teaching Arabic as a foreign language. Specifically, it explores how such materials enhance learners’ interest in the language, provide linguistic templates, introduce new vocabulary, offer methodological linguistic patterns, and present Arab culture and dialects. Adopting a qualitative research design, this study employed content analysis and structured interviews as its primary instruments, with questions prepared in advance according to thematic domains. Five literature instructors participated in the study, comprising three university lecturers holding doctoral degrees and two school teachers. The findings reveal that literary materials effectively address the needs outlined in the study objectives and should be incorporated into the teaching of Arabic as a foreign language. The study recommends that relevant stakeholders re-evaluate the current syllabus and textbooks used in Arabic language education in Malaysia.

Antara Realiti dan Khayalan Su Usul dalam Tunggul-tunggul Gerigis: Satu Analisis Berdasarkan Teori Psikonalisis Freud (Between Reality and Fantasy: Exploring Su Usul in Tunggul-tunggul Gerigis: An Analysis based on Freud’s Psychoanalysis)

Eng Lye Ooi, Mohamad Luthfi Abdul Rahman, Mohd. Shahremy Ikmal Shahbudin — Sat, 20 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Kertas kerja ini memilih novel Tunggul-tunggul Gerigis kerana watak Su Usul boleh dikatakan mengalami gangguan psikosis . Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan pemikiran dan emosi Su Usul dalam dunia realitinya sehingga kegelisahannya itu menuju ke alam khayalan. Untuk kajian ini, teori psikoanalisis Freud digunakan untuk meneliti aspek kejiwaan Su Usul. Menurut Nye, psikoanalisis merupakan satu teori personaliti dan juga satu kaedah terapi. Teori psikoanalisis Freud memberi penekanan kepada aspek ketidaksedaran personaliti yang menunjukkan proses perimbangan di antara id, ego dan superego dalam diri Su Usul yang sentiasa berkonflik dan berkhayal untuk mencapai kepuasan diri. Oleh itu, pendekatan psikoanalisis memudahkan penerokaan perkembangan personaliti Su Usul dalam hubungan dalaman dirinya dan hubungannya dengan dunia luar. Dunia Su Usul sering berbaur dengan unsur realiti dan khayalan.

This paper selects the novel Tunggul-tunggul Gerigis because the character Su Usul can be said to be experiencing psychosis. This study aims to portray Su Usul's thoughts and emotions within her reality, leading to her anxieties that descend into the realm of delusion. For this study, Freud's psychoanalytic theory is used to examine the psychological aspects of Su Usul. According to Nye, psychoanalysis is both a theory of personality and a method of therapy. Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the aspect of the unconscious personality, which demonstrates the balancing process between the id, ego, and superego within Su Usul, who is constantly in conflict and delusional in her pursuit of self-gratification. Therefore, the psychoanalytic approach facilitates the exploration of Su Usul's personality development in terms of her internal relationships and her relationship with the external world. Su Usul's world is often a blend of reality and delusion.

Keperluan dan Keberkesanan Kursus Bahasa Arab untuk Tujuan Haji dan Umrah [Need for Arabic Language Courses for Hajj and Umrah Purposes]

Mohd Sollah Mohamed, Razimi Zakaria — Wed, 24 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pengajian Bahasa Arab kian mendapat perhatian dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia dengan tujuan pengajian yang semakin pelbagai, termasuk untuk komunikasi, akademik, perniagaan, dan pengamalan agama. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti keperluan kursus Bahasa Arab khusus bagi ibadat Haji dan Umrah. Salah satu isu utama yang dikenal pasti ialah bahawa kebanyakan kursus ibadah Haji dan Umrah yang dianjurkan hanya menumpukan pada aspek pelaksanaan rutin ibadah, hukum-hukum ibadah secara literal, serta pengurusan dan penjagaan kesihatan. Walaupun elemen-elemen ini dapat membantu para jemaah, ia masih belum mencukupi untuk mencapai kesempurnaan dalam beribadah. Menyedari kepentingan bahasa dalam konteks ibadah Haji dan Umrah, satu modul kemahiran bahasa berasaskan ketepatan dan keperluan bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa ibadat telah dibangunkan. Kursus ini bertujuan untuk memudahkan jemaah Haji dan Umrah dalam menyempurnakan kedua-dua ibadat tersebut. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pendidikan bahasa merupakan elemen penting yang dapat meningkatkan kesempurnaan umat Islam dalam melaksanakan ibadat ini. Kesimpulannya, penyediaan kursus Bahasa Arab yang komprehensif dan berfokuskan tujuan Haji dan Umrah adalah perlu. Inisiatif untuk menganjurkan kursus sedemikian harus diambil serius oleh agensi-agensi pengurusan yang terlibat dalam industri ini untuk memperkasa kualiti ibadat para jemaah.

Arabic language studies are gaining increasing attention among the Malaysian public, with various learning objectives, including communication, academics, business, and religious practice. This study aims to identify the need for an Arabic language course specifically for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. One of the main issues identified is that most Hajj and Umrah courses currently offered focus only on routine worship practices, religious rulings in a literal sense, and health management. While these elements can assist pilgrims, they are insufficient for achieving perfection in worship. Recognizing the importance of language in the context of Hajj and Umrah, a language skills module based on the accuracy and needs of Arabic as the language of worship has been developed. This course aims to facilitate pilgrims in fulfilling both acts of worship. The study's findings indicate that language education is a crucial element that can enhance the quality of Muslims' performance during these rituals. In conclusion, providing a comprehensive Arabic language course focused on Hajj and Umrah is essential. Initiatives to organize such courses should be taken seriously by management agencies involved in this industry to improve the quality of worship for pilgrims.

An Exploratory Study of Ar-Rahnu (Islamic Pawnbroking) by the Islamic Bank in Malaysia

Wed, 24 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In Malaysia, ar-rahnu (Islamic pawnbroking) operates under a separate regulatory framework from conventional pawnshops, which are governed by the Pawnbrokers Act 1972. Due to the prohibition of riba (interest) in Islam, ar-rahnu institutions such as Islamic banks, cooperatives, and agricultural bodies are exempted from this Act and regulated instead by Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), Suruhanjaya Koperasi Malaysia (SKM), or state Islamic authorities. These regulators issue specific guidelines, for examples; Rahn Policy Document by BNM and Garis Panduan 25 (GP25) by SKM, to ensure all operations comply with Shariah principles. The paper adopts qualitative methods, explores how the ar-rahnu product offered by the various financial providers, to supports liquidity for the individual and small and medium-sized enterprises. This product can be considered as the blended finance instrument, and promotes social entrepreneurship. Through a case study of ar-rahnu product offered by Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Berhad (Bank Rakyat), this paper demonstrates how Bank Rakyat set the strategy of financial inclusion and positions ar-rahnu as a key instrument for community-level liquidity, especially during times of economic uncertainty. The findings of the study reveal the significant potential of ar-rahnu as a secured financing instrument, especially amid rising gold prices, which enhances the collateral value for customers. In the Malaysian context, the stability of the cost of living and increasing purchasing power among consumers have contributed to the growing demand for accessible and Shariah-compliant financing solutions, such as ar-rahnu. These trends highlight the importance of ar-rahnu in promoting financial resilience and inclusive financing for economically vulnerable groups. The case study of ar-rahnu by Bank Rakyat illustrates how integrating commercial objectives with gold-based collateral can significantly enhance financial inclusion, promote social equity, and strengthen the economic well-being of communities.

Engendering a Maqasid Worldview of Gender Roles in Malaysia: A Content Analysis of Che Husna Azhari’s Mariah (2003) and S.M. Zakir’s a Sword-Fighter’s Love (2009)

Mohd. Ezamir Azral Mohd. Azrul, Wan Ahmad Fauzi Wan Husain — Thu, 25 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The discourse on gender roles remains one of the most debated issues in modern Malaysia. While the country’s identity is rooted in religious and cultural heritage, a minority continues to promote gender debates through Western liberal philosophies, feminist critiques, and secular paradigms that emphasise individualism and relativism, often diverging from Malaysia’s socio-religious foundations. This study contributes to gender scholarship by proposing an alternative framework based on the maqasid al-shari‘ah and watanic jurisprudence, offering holistic, Quranic approaches to understanding gender. The research employs a qualitative case study design, analysing two Malaysian short stories written in English: Che Husna Azhari’s Mariah (2003) and S. M. Zakir’s A Sword-Fighter’s Love (2009). Methodologically, the analysis combines the maqasid al-shari‘ah with the watanic jurisprudential continuum, which contrasts Qur’anic integration of law and revelation with secular dichotomies that separate them. This dual approach enables a contextual reading that is both normatively grounded and culturally coherent. Findings indicate that, when examined through the maqasid–watanic framework, gender roles in the texts reflect balance, complementarity, and mutual responsibility, serving as divinely entrusted functions that uphold moral order, social cohesion, and spiritual well-being. This contrasts with secular-liberal interpretations, which often reduce gender to a matter of individual autonomy or power relations. The study argues that embedding maqasid and watanic jurisprudence in gender discourse allows for a more coherent and civilisationally authentic worldview, preserving Malaysia’s Islamic identity while critically engaging with global debates.

Imprisonment As a Penalty for Non-Compliance with Alimony Orders: From the Perspective of Maslahah and Mafsadah

MOHAMAD OMAR MANSU, ZAINI NASOHAH, AMIR ABRAR ABD LATIF — Thu, 25 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Abstract
Maintenance (nafkah) is an obligation that must be fulfilled; failure to provide maintenance may result in several legal consequences, including the possibility of imprisonment. However, the issue of non-payment of maintenance remains a persistent challenge within the Syariah legal system in Malaysia. According to data from the Department of Syariah Judiciary Malaysia (JKSM), a total of 4,715 cases of maintenance order violations were recorded in the Syariah Courts of Malaysia between 2021 and 2024. This article discusses imprisonment as a last resort for non-compliance with alimony orders from the perspective of maslahah (benefit) and mafsadah (harm) in Shariah law. This study adopts a qualitative approach through document analysis and literature review methods. The findings show that there are several positive impacts of imprisonment, including bringing awareness, fearfulness, bringing repentance, and protecting the rights of the oppressed. In addition, the study found negative consequences of imprisonment, including social stigma, emotional distress, and the adverse impact on families and individuals incarcerated. Through the lens of maslahah and mafsadah, the article evaluates the appropriateness of imprisonment for those who fail to comply with alimony orders, depending on the financial situation and ability of the individuals involved, with an emphasis on balancing the preservation of rights for the oppressed and avoiding greater harm.

Analyzing Patriarchy's Impact on Men in Rintih Chicago by Faizal Tehrani 2011

Iskandar Hilmi Lukman, Umi Kalsom Ahmad — Sun, 28 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Abstract
This working paper examines the portrayal of patriarchy and its emotional consequences on male characters in Rintih Chicago (2011), a play by Malaysian writer Faisal Tehrani. While much critical attention on patriarchy focuses on the marginalisation of women, this study highlights how patriarchal expectations also shape and burden men. Specifically, it explores how ideals of masculinity influence identity formation, regulate emotional expression, and determine social roles within the narrative. By situating the play within broader discourses on gender and power, the paper demonstrates how Tehrani’s work offers a nuanced reflection on the human cost of patriarchal structures. The analysis employs close reading of selected passages to trace how male characters internalise, conform to, or resist dominant gender norms. Particular attention is given to patterns of emotional repression, struggles with vulnerability, and the tension between personal desires and societal obligations. These dynamics reveal how patriarchal values, while granting men symbolic authority, produce psychological strain, fractured identities, and emotional isolation. The characters’ experiences underscore the paradox that the very system designed to privilege men simultaneously constrains their humanity. By foregrounding the male emotional landscape, this study contributes to ongoing conversations in gender studies and literary criticism. It challenges the assumption that men are simply beneficiaries of patriarchy and instead demonstrates how they, too, are subject to harm, albeit in different ways than women. Rintih Chicago thus functions both as a critique of entrenched gender norms and as an exploration of the silent suffering that patriarchy engenders. Ultimately, this reading invites a more inclusive understanding of how patriarchal power operates, shaping and wounding all who live under its shadow.

Synergy of Islamic Institutions in Empowering the Religious Commitment of Muslim Converts in Sarawak, Malaysia

Sun, 28 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The religious commitment of Muslim converts in Sarawak is a crucial indicator in ensuring that they internalize and practice Islamic teachings holistically. The establishment of several da'wah organizations at both the federal and state levels, such as the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM), the Islamic Da'wah Foundation Malaysia (YADIM), the Muslim Welfare Organization of Malaysia (PERKIM), the Sarawak Islamic Council (MIS), the Sarawak Islamic Religious Department (JAIS), and the Harakah Islamiah (HIKMAH), has contributed to the increasing process of conversion to Islam in Sarawak. Various da'wah programs have been planned to provide support in terms of religious guidance, education, social support systems and financial assistance for Muslim converts. However, the development of religious commitment among Muslim converts may be affected by issues such as lack of coordination between institutions, limited resources, a diverse societal climate, cultural and linguistic gaps and other challenges. Therefore, synergy between Islamic institutions is essential to ensure that guidance and support for converts are implemented more effectively and sustainably. This study adopts a qualitative approach through document analysis to examine the concept of religious commitment among converts and the role of Islamic institutions in strengthening their Islamic practice. The findings reveal that, despite the various initiatives undertaken, there is still a need to enhance synergy among institutions through the coordination of religious education programs, the integration of welfare and economic support and the strengthening of da'wah networks within the community. Hence, this study proposes a more systematic collaborative strategy to empower the religious commitment of converts in Sarawak, enabling them to lead a stronger religious life in line with the aspirations of an inclusive and progressive Islamic society.

Well-Being as an Ethical Filter: Balancing Madani Policy in the Age AI and Technology

Sun, 28 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence and digital technology has created new challenges for values, justice and ethical balance in public policy. Within this context the Malaysia Madani framework introduced in 2023 places well-being as one of its six central pillars. This article aims to examine how the pillar of well-being can function as an ethical filter in policy making especially in an era where decisions are increasingly driven by data and algorithms. The study adopts a qualitative content analysis based on Malaysia Madani policy documents classical Islamic texts including the Qur’an and authentic hadith and contemporary writings on technology ethics. The analysis is guided by the framework of maqasid al-shariah focusing on justice, trust and public interest. The findings show that well-being should not be treated only as a policy goal but also as a mechanism for value-based checks and balances that safeguard human dignity in governance, social welfare and the digital economy. This study contributes to the integration of Islamic ethics with modern policy frameworks and proposes practical guidelines for embedding value-oriented narratives in technological development.

al-Dhaka’ al-‘Atifi fi al-Sirah al-Nabawiyah wa Dawruhu fi Mu‘ilajat al-Qadaya al-Mujtama'iyah [Emotional Intelligence in the Prophetic Biography (S?rah) and Its Role in Addressing Societal Issues]

Nahil S.E Abuhalib, Adel M. Abdulaziz Al Geriani — Sun, 28 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Emotional intelligence is regarded as one of the most significant concepts that contribute to regulating social relationships, fostering positive interaction, and enhancing individuals’ affective competencies. This notion finds its most comprehensive embodiment in the life of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). The present study seeks to investigate the role of emotional intelligence within the Prophetic biography (S?rah) in addressing contemporary societal challenges. By analyzing a range of Prophetic practices and situations, the study illustrates how the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) employed emotional intelligence to manage social relations, regulate emotions, and reinforce the values of compassion and tolerance. Methodologically, the research adopts a descriptive, analytical, and deductive approach to extract educational insights that may contribute to the development of a balanced social personality capable of effectively engaging with the complexities of modern life.

Analisis Konsep dan Pendefinisian Asnaf al-Gharimin dalam Konteks Agihan Zakat di Malaysia [An Analysis of The Concept and Definition of Asnaf al-Gharimin in The Context of Zakat Distribution in Malaysia]

Sun, 28 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Al-Qur’an menetapkan lapan golongan yang berhak menerima zakat termasuk golongan al-gh?rim?n, iaitu individu yang dibebani hutang. Peningkatan kes hutang dalam kalangan masyarakat, khususnya melibatkan hutang peribadi, pendidikan dan pinjaman tidak berlesen, berpunca daripada tekanan kos sara hidup yang semakin tinggi serta keperluan mendesak untuk memenuhi keperluan asas harian. Namun begitu, kekeliruan masih wujud dalam mendefinisikan asnaf al-gh?rim?n ini terutamanya berkaitan jenis hutang yang melayakkan seseorang menerima bantuan zakat disebabkan ketiadaan garis panduan yang seragam dalam institusi zakat. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsep dan definisi asnaf al-gh?rim?n menurut pandangan fuqaha klasik dan kontemporari serta menganalisis situasi kewangan yang melayakkan seseorang tergolong sebagai asnaf al-gh?rim?n. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berbentuk kajian kepustakaan dengan meneliti pandangan fuqaha dan analisis kandungan berkaitan agihan zakat. Hasil kajian memberikan penjelasan yang lebih komprehensif mengenai konsep asnaf al-gh?rim?n serta mengenal pasti kategori hutang dan beban kewangan yang sesuai dimasukkan dalam definisi ini. Kajian ini diharap dapat menyumbang ke arah pemantapan pelaksanaan agihan zakat berdasarkan prinsip fiqh muamalat secara lebih berkesan dan menyeluruh.

The Qur’an identifies eight categories of recipients entitled to zakat, including al-gh?rim?n—individuals burdened with debt. The rising prevalence of debt in society, especially involving personal, educational, and unlicensed loans, results from increasing living costs and the urgent need to cover basic daily expenses. However, there remains confusion in defining this asnaf al-gh?rim?n category, particularly regarding which types of debt qualify individuals for zakat aid, due to the lack of standardized guidelines among zakat institutions. This study aims to analyze the concept and definition of asnaf al-Gh?rim?n from both classical and contemporary Islamic juristic views, and to examine the financial situations that qualify individuals for this category. Using a qualitative approach, the research is based on library analysis of jurists’ opinions and related content on zakat distribution. The results provide a clearer understanding of the al-gh?rim?n category and identify types of debt and financial burdens that may be appropriately included. It is hoped that this study will improve zakat distribution practices, making them more effective and aligned with the principles of fiqh mu‘?mal?t al-gh?rim?n.

Analisis Fiqh Terhadap Peruntukan Penerima Wasiat Wajibah di Negeri Selangor dan Negeri Sembilan [A Fiqh Analysis of the Provisions on Beneficiaries of Compulsory Bequests in the States of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan]

Aisyah Abd Rahim, Noor Lizza Mohamed Said — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Wasiat wajibah merupakan suatu kaedah pemberian harta pusaka melalui peruntukan undang-undang kepada waris yang terhalang daripada mewarisi harta pusaka. Di Malaysia terdapat beberapa negeri yang memperuntukkan berkaitan wasiat wajibah antaranya ialah Negeri Selangor dan Negeri Sembilan. Namun begitu, terdapat perbezaan ke atas penerima wasiat wajibah dalam undang-undang bertulis di kedua-dua negeri tersebut. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji golongan yang layak menerima wasiat wajibah dalam Enakmen Wasiat Orang Islam (Selangor) (Pindaan) 2016 dan Enakmen Wasiat Orang Islam (Negeri Sembilan) 2004 serta menganalisis pandangan fuqaha yang mendasari perbezaan antara kedua-dua enakmen. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan kaedah analisis kandungan terhadap teks-teks fiqh klasik dan kontemporari, serta analisis perbandingan terhadap kedua-dua enakmen berkenaan. Kajian juga merujuk kepada pandangan mazhab-mazhab fiqh utama dalam Islam bagi memahami asas-asas penetapan golongan penerima wasiat wajibah. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa perbezaan peruntukan ini berpunca daripada perbezaan pandangan tentang tujuan pemberian harta pusaka kepada golongan penerima wasiat wajibah. Negeri Selangor mengambil pendekatan yang lebih inklusif berdasarkan prinsip keadilan dan kemaslahatan, manakala Negeri Sembilan masih berpegang kepada mazhab Shafi’i yang mengehadkan penerimaan kepada cucu daripada anak lelaki sahaja. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi asas penilaian semula terhadap penetapan golongan penerima wasiat wajibah oleh negeri-negeri di Malaysia dalam menambah baik peruntukan wasiat wajibah tersendiri.

Compulsory bequest (wasiat wajibah) is a mechanism of estate distribution through statutory provisions to heirs who are barred from inheriting under the rules of faraid. In Malaysia, several states have incorporated provisions relating to compulsory bequests, among which are the States of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. Nevertheless, there are differences in the categories of beneficiaries of compulsory bequests as prescribed in the written laws of these two states. Hence, this study aims to examine the groups eligible to receive compulsory bequests under the Islamic Wills (Selangor) (Amendment) Enactment 2016 and the Islamic Wills (Negeri Sembilan) Enactment 2004, as well as to analyse the juristic views (fuqaha) that underpin the differences between the two enactments. The study employs a qualitative approach using content analysis of both classical and contemporary fiqh texts, alongside a comparative analysis of the two enactments. It also refers to the views of the major schools of Islamic jurisprudence to elucidate the foundations for determining the categories of beneficiaries of compulsory bequests. The findings indicate that the divergence in provisions arises from differing perspectives regarding the purpose of allocating estate shares to the beneficiaries of compulsory bequests. Selangor adopts a more inclusive approach grounded in the principles of justice and public interest (maslahah), whereas Negeri Sembilan adheres to the Shafi‘i school, which restricts entitlement to grandchildren through sons only. This study is expected to provide a basis for the reassessment of the determination of compulsory bequest beneficiaries by states in Malaysia towards enhancing their respective statutory provisions on compulsory bequests.

Polemik Identiti Malaysia sebagai Negara Islam dalam Wacana Intelektual [The Polemics of Malaysia’s Identity as an Islamic State in Intellectual Discourse]

Muhammad Khairi Abdul Azib, Haziyah Hussin, Latifah Abdul Majid — Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Isu identiti Malaysia sebagai sebuah Negara Islam terus mencetuskan polemik dalam pelbagai wacana ilmiah dan politik. Walaupun Malaysia sering dikategorikan sebagai Negara Islam berdasarkan majoriti penduduk Muslim, sejarah pembentukan negara, serta kedudukan Islam sebagai agama Persekutuan, pelaksanaan prinsip-prinsip Islam dalam sistem pemerintahan dan perundangan masih menjadi perbahasan. Ketidaksepakatan ini telah menimbulkan pelbagai tafsiran dan justeru mewajarkan sorotan literatur terhadap wacana yang berkembang. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis wacana akademik berkaitan takrif identiti Malaysia sebagai Negara Islam. Kajian menggunakan reka bentuk kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis dokumen terhadap artikel-artikel ilmiah yang diperoleh daripada pangkalan data Google Scholar dan ResearchGate. Dapatan menunjukkan wacana ini terbahagi kepada dua aliran utama: pertama, pandangan yang mengiktiraf Malaysia sebagai Negara Islam berdasarkan hujah sejarah, perundangan dan komposisi demografi; dan kedua, pandangan yang menolak pengiktirafan tersebut atas dasar realiti masyarakat majmuk serta tafsiran sekular terhadap Perlembagaan. Kajian ini mencadangkan keperluan kepada satu definisi yang lebih jelas dan kontekstual berkenaan Negara Islam dalam kerangka Malaysia, yang bersifat inklusif dan selari dengan maq??id syar?‘ah. Implikasi lanjut turut mencadangkan penyelidikan empirikal untuk menyokong pembinaan naratif kenegaraan yang lebih stabil, inklusif dan diterima semua pihak.

The question of Malaysia’s identity as an Islamic state continues to generate significant polemics in both academic and political discourses. Although Malaysia is often characterised as an Islamic state due to its Muslim-majority population, historical foundations, and the constitutional position of Islam as the religion of the Federation, the extent to which Islamic principles are implemented in governance and legal frameworks remains contested. These divergent views justify a critical literature review of the ongoing discourse. This article aims to analyse scholarly perspectives in defining Malaysia’s identity as an Islamic state. Employing a qualitative design, this study applies document analysis on academic articles retrieved from Google Scholar and ResearchGate. The findings reveal two dominant streams of thought: first, the view that affirms Malaysia as an Islamic state based on historical, legal, and demographic grounds; and second, the view that rejects such a classification, citing the pluralistic nature of Malaysian society and a secular interpretation of the Constitution. The study highlights the need for a clearer and more contextualised definition of an Islamic state in the Malaysian framework—one that is inclusive and aligned with the objectives of Islamic law (maq??id al-shar?‘ah). It also recommends further empirical research to support the development of a stable and widely accepted national identity narrative.

Puasa ‘Ashura’: Antara Fardu dan Sunnah dalam Empat Mazhab Fiqh [The Fast of ‘Ashura’: Between Obligation and Sunnah in the Four Schools of Fiqh]

Muhammad Amirul Abdul Rahman, Mohammad Hafiz Darpen — Tue, 07 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Puasa ‘Ashura’ diamalkan pada bulan Muharam mempunyai keistimewaan dalam syariat Islam. Ia juga pernah difardukan sebelum turunnya ayat al-Qur’an yang mewajibkan puasa Ramadan. Namun, kajian ini membincangkan isu perbezaan dalam kalangan ulama empat mazhab sama ada puasa ‘Ashura’ pernah difardukan atau hanya disunatkan sejak awal pensyariatannya. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif kepustakaan, berasaskan analisis data daripada sumber ilmiah dan kitab muktabar. Isu ini diteliti melalui analisis teks fiqh turath daripada mazhab Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi’i dan Hanbali. Kajian mendapati bahawa hanya Mazhab Hanafi, Mazhab Maliki, serta sebahagian ulama daripada Mazhab al-Syafi’i dan Mazhab Hanbali berpendapat bahawa puasa ‘Ashura’ pernah difardukan sebelum dimansuhkan, manakala sebahagian yang lain menganggap ia kekal sebagai amalan sunat sejak awal. Kajian ini menegaskan kepentingan memahami khilaf fiqh berasaskan dalil serta mengamalkan nilai tasamuh dalam beribadah.

The fasting of ‘Ashura’ practiced in the month of Muharam holds a special place in Islamic law. It was once made obligatory before the revelation of the Qur’anic verse that mandated the fasting of Ramadan. However, this study examines the differences among scholars of the four schools of thought regarding whether the fasting of ‘?sh?r?’ was ever obligatory or had always been recommended (sunnah) from the beginning of its legislation. This research employs a qualitative, library-based methodology, analyzing data from scholarly sources and authoritative classical texts. The issue is examined through the analysis of classical fiqh texts from the Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi’i and Hanbali schools. The study finds that the Hanafi and Maliki schools along with some scholars from the Syafi’i and Hanbali schools, hold that the fasting of ‘?sh?r?’ was once obligatory before being abrogated while others maintain that it has always been a recommended act of worship. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding juristic differences based on evidence and practicing tolerance (tasamuh) in religious observance.

Integrasi Struktur Tari dan Lagu dalam Pembentukan Mod Persembahan Mek Mulung Abad ke-21 [Integration of Dance and Song Structure in The Formation of Performance Modes in Mek Mulung in The 21st Century]

Khairul Anuar Zainudin, Mohd. Effindi Samsuddin — Wed, 08 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Artikel ini mengkaji integrasi antara struktur gerakan tari dan lagu dalam pembentukan mod persembahan teater tradisional Mek Mulung abad ke-21. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memahami bagaimana hubungan antara pergerakan tari dan muzik menyumbang kepada pembentukan struktur dramatik yang kaya dengan makna budaya. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui temubual, pemerhatian aktif, dan analisis persembahan. Tiga kerangka teori utama digunakan untuk menyokong analisis, iaitu Teori Struktur Tarian oleh Adrienne L. Kaeppler, Teori Tradisi oleh Edward Shils, dan Teori Persembahan oleh Richard Schechner. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa gerakan tari dan lagu dalam Mek Mulung berfungsi bukan sahaja sebagai elemen naratif yang memperkukuh cerita, tetapi juga sebagai mekanisme penting dalam pelestarian dan penghidupan semula warisan budaya. Dalam konteks ini, Mek Mulung menggambarkan bagaimana seni persembahan tradisional dapat terus relevan dalam dunia moden dengan mengekalkan elemen-elemen tradisi serta prinsip performatif yang dinamik. Kajian ini memberi sumbangan dalam memahami bagaimana seni persembahan tradisional berupaya beradaptasi dan tetap signifikan dalam era kontemporari, sekaligus memastikan kesinambungan nilai budaya yang terkandung di dalamnya. Mek Mulung bukan sahaja sebagai medium hiburan, tetapi juga sebagai platform penting dalam pendidikan dan pelestarian identiti budaya bangsa.

This article examines the integration between the structure of movement and music in the formation of the performance mode of the traditional theatre of Mek Mulung in the 21st century. The aim of this study is to understand how the relationship between dance movements and music contributes to the creation of a dramatic structure rich in cultural meaning. This research employs a qualitative approach through interviews, active observations, and performance analysis. Three main theoretical frameworks are used to support the analysis: Adrienne L. Kaeppler's Dance Structure Theory, Edward Shils' Theory of Tradition, and Richard Schechner's Performance Theory. The findings of the study show that dance movements and music in Mek Mulung function not only as narrative elements that strengthen the story but also as key mechanisms in the preservation and revitalization of cultural heritage. In this context, Mek Mulung illustrates how traditional performing arts can remain relevant in the modern world by maintaining traditional elements while embracing dynamic performative principles. This study contributes to understanding how traditional performing arts can adapt and remain significant in the contemporary era, while ensuring the continuity of the cultural values embedded within them. Mek Mulung is not only a form of entertainment but also an important platform for education and the preservation of national cultural identity.

Antara Menghormati dan Melampau dalam Memuliakan Syeikh Tarekat [Between Respect and Excess in Venerating the Sufi Master (Shaykh of the ?ar?qah)]

Nik Ahmad Syahid Ramadhan Saibon, Nozira Salleh — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Tarekat merupakan topik yang banyak diperbincangkan kerana banyak isu yang sering timbul di sekitarnya. Antara isu yang hangat diperbincangkan ialah berkenaan kemelampauan dalam memuliakan syeikh tarekat. Isu ini telah menjadi topik yang hangat dibicarakan kerana ianya melibatkan amalan kerohanian para penganut tarekat dan membawa implikasi yang besar kepada pengamalnya. Perkara ini dapat dilihat dalam beberapa kes di Malaysia, termasuk pengharaman Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah al-Aliyyah pada tahun 2022 oleh Jabatan Mufti Negeri Perlis. Antara bentuk penyelewengan yang dikenal pasti termasuklah dakwaan bahawa syeikh dilantik secara langsung oleh Nabi Muhammad SAW, ketaatan mutlak yang diberikan kepada guru walaupun bertentangan dengan syariat, serta berlebihan dalam mengangkat seorang syeikh tarekat hingga ke tahap yang tidak sepatutnya. Fokus kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji peranan dan kedudukan sebenar seorang syeikh di dalam tarekat, amalan-amalan dalam kalangan penganut tarekat yang menunjukkan kepada kemelampauan dalam memuliakan syeikh mereka, dan seterusnya adab dalam memuliakan syeikh tarekat yang bertepatan dengan ajaran Islam. Kajian ini berbentuk kualitatif dengan pendekatan berbentuk kajian kepustakaan yang digunakan bagi mengumpulkan data-data dari pelbagai sumber. Seterusnya analisis teks turut dijalankan bagi memahami data-data yang diperoleh. Dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa syeikh memainkan peranan yang penting sebagai pembimbing rohani dan penyambung sanad keilmuan. Walaubagaimanapun penghormatan terhadap mereka perlu berada dalam batas syariat. Sikap melampau dalam mengagungkan syeikh boleh membawa kepada sikap taasub yang menyeleweng daripada ajaran Islam dan mampu memberikan kesan kepada akidah umat Islam. Selain itu, terdapat juga adab-adab yang telah digariskan oleh para ulama dalam perhubungan antara seorang murid dan guru termasuklah syeikh tarekat seperti mendoakan para guru, bersabar dalam bersahabat dengan guru dan bersyukur kepada guru tersebut atas ilmu dan manfaat yang telah diberikan.

The Sufi order (tarekat) is a topic that has been widely discussed due to the numerous issues that frequently arise around it. One of the most debated issues concerns the excessive glorification of the tarekat sheikh. This matter has become a heated topic because it involves the spiritual practices of tarekat adherents and carries significant implications for its practitioners. This can be observed in several cases in Malaysia, including the prohibition of the Naqshabandiyyah al-‘Aliyyah order in 2022 by the Perlis State Mufti Department. Among the identified deviations are claims that the sheikh was appointed directly by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), absolute obedience granted to the teacher even when contradicting Islamic law, as well as excessive elevation of a tarekat sheikh to an inappropriate level. The focus of this study is to examine the actual role and position of the sheikh within the tarekat, the practices among its adherents that demonstrate excessive glorification of their sheikh, and subsequently, the proper etiquette of honoring a tarekat sheikh in accordance with Islamic teachings. This research adopts a qualitative design, employing a library-based approach to collect data from various sources. Textual analysis was also conducted to interpret and understand the obtained data. The findings reveal that the sheikh plays a significant role as a spiritual guide and as a transmitter of the chain of knowledge (sanad). Nevertheless, respect towards them must remain within the limits prescribed by the Sharia. Excessive veneration of sheikhs may lead to deviant fanaticism that strays from the teachings of Islam and may affect the creed (?aq?dah) of Muslims. In addition, scholars have outlined proper etiquettes in the relationship between student and teacher, including tarekat sheikhs, such as praying for them, exercising patience in companionship with them, and showing gratitude for the knowledge and guidance imparted.